The Brothers Grimm Brought German Folklore to the World

Almost every child knows fairy tales like Cinderella, Snow White, or Sleeping Beauty  and not just because  of the watered-down Disney movie versions. Those fairy tales are  part of Germanys cultural heritage, most of them originating in Germany and recorded  by two brothers, Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm. Jacob and Wilhelm  specialized in publishing  the folklore, myths, and fairytales they  had collected over many years. Although most of their stories take place in a more or less medieval world, they were collected and published by the Brothers Grimm in the 19th century, and have long retained their grip on the imagination of  children and adults all over the world. Early Life of the Grimm Brothers Jacob, born in 1785, and Wilhelm, born in 1786, were sons of a  jurist, Philipp Wilhelm Grimm, and lived in Hanau in Hesse. Like many families at the time, this was a large family, with seven siblings, three of whom died in infancy.   In 1795, Philipp Wilhelm Grimm  died of pneumonia. Without him, the familys income and social status declined rapidly. Jacob and Wilhelm could no longer live with their siblings and their mother, but thanks to their aunt, they  were sent to Kassel for a higher education.   However, because of their social status, they were not treated fairly  by the other students, an unfortunate situation that continued even at  the university they attended in Marburg.  Because of those circumstances, the two brothers became very close to one another and deeply absorbed in their studies. Their law professor awakened their interest in history and especially in German folklore. In the years following their graduation, the brothers had a hard time taking care of their mother and siblings. Simultaneously, both started to collect German sayings, fairy tales, and myths. In order to collect those well-known and widely spread fairy tales and sayings, the brothers Grimm talked to many people in many places and transcribed the many stories they had learned over the years. Sometimes they even translated the stories from Old German into modern German and adapted them slightly. German Folklore as Collective National Identity The Grimm brothers were not only interested in history, but in uniting a disparate Germany into one country. At this time, Germany was more of  a conglomeration of about 200 different kingdoms and principalities. With their collection of German folklore, Jacob and Wilhelm tried to give the German people something like a collective national identity.   In 1812, the first volume of Kinder-  und Hausmà ¤rchen was finally  published.  It  contained many of the classic fairytales still known today like Hà ¤nsel and Gretel and Cinderella.  In  subsequent years, many other volumes of the well-known book were published, all of them with revised content. In this process of revision, the fairytales became more and more suitable for children, similar to the versions we know today.   Earlier versions of the tales were rather crude and filthy in content and form, containing explicit sexual content or harsh violence. Most of the stories originated in rural areas and had  been shared by farmers and among lower classes. The Grimms revisions made these written versions suitable for a more refined audience. Adding illustrations made the books more appealing to children. Other Well-Known Grimm Works Besides the well-known Kinder-und Hausmà ¤rchen, the Grimms continued to publish other books about German mythology, sayings, and language.  With their book Die Deutsche Grammatik (The German Grammar), they were the first two authors who researched the origin and development of the German dialects and their grammatical circumstances. Also, they worked on their most lavish project, the first German dictionary. This Das Deutsche Wà ¶rterbuch was published in the 19th century but was really completed in the year 1961. It is still the largest and most comprehensive dictionary of the German language. While  living in Gà ¶ttingen, at that time part of the Kingdom of Hannover, and fighting for a united Germany, the Grimm brothers published several polemics criticizing the king. They were dismissed from the university along with five other professors and also kicked out of the kingdom. First, both lived again in Kassel but were invited to Berlin by the Prussian king, Friedrich Wilhelm IV, in order to continue their academic work there. They lived there for 20 years. Wilhelm died in 1859, his brother Jacob in 1863. To  this  day, the Grimm brothers literary contributions are known all over the world and  their work is tightly bound to the German cultural heritage.  Until the European currency, the Euro, was introduced in 2002, their visages could be seen on the 1.000 Deutsche Mark bill.   The themes of Mà ¤rchen are universal and enduring: good versus evil in which the good (Cinderella, Snow White) are rewarded and the wicked (stepmother) are punished. Our modern versions—Pretty Woman, Black Swan, Edward Scissorhands, Snow White and the Huntsman, and others show just how relevant and powerful these tales remain today.

Biography of John Maynard Keynes Essay - 990 Words

Throughout the history of economics, there have been many experts and professors whose ideas and theories have fundamentally affected our thoughts and practices, but none has been as influential on this subject as John Maynard Keynes. He was a British economist who revolutionized economic thinking and to this day his work continues to be appreciated and utilized by many into what is known as â€Å"Keynesian Economics.† John Maynard Keynes was an Englishman born in 1883, who went on to become one of the most influential economists of the twentieth century. We know this economist best for Keynesian economics which is described as the economies success is predicated on aggregate demand, meaning that there is complete spending in the economy in†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, Robert Skidelsky, another British economist, seems to have a different view on Keynes’ work and the view of the economy. Skidelsky states that in today’s economic climate â€Å"Reforms should not be pressed prematurely, because they may cut off recovery by denting business confidence, and they should follow a deep, not superficial, attempt at understanding what went wrong.† (Skidelsky, 2009) He also stated â€Å"Keynes was very clear about this in the early 1930s. It might even be necessary to have a ‘conservative’ budget, he told a Swedish correspondent, if that would help to ge t lower long-term interest rates.† (Skidelsky, 2009) However, he goes on to imply that although Keynes is correct in his thinking he backtracks on his notion that Keynes is still relevant today as he states â€Å"the problem is the same today: how to carry out a Keynesian policy when most of the key actors have a non-Keynesian model of the economy.† (Skidelsky, 2009) Skidelsky goes back and forth on Keynesian economics and again states that Keynes has influenced current policies but continues to contradict himself by stating, â€Å"Keynesianism can at best be a common element in very different systems of mixed economicShow MoreRelatedEconomics Essay1090 Words   |  5 Pagesare many people who have influenced the world with their individual economic point of view. 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Production Management Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd

Question: Discuss about the Production Management for Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd. Answer: Introduction Production and Operations Management is a part of management in any business that deals with the use of input raw materials, processing and production, marketing and distribution of goods and services that are fit for consumer use (Kumar et all, 2009). Therefore, it is concerned about how a business manages its operations in order for it to meet the customers needs and satisfaction. However, production systems or processes are the activities that are involved in receiving raw materials and processing them in the desired that will satisfy a consumers needs and wants as well as make the management satisfied (Vidal et all, 2002). These activities are usually organized and are aligned with the customers needs and the businesss objectives and goals (Mentzer et al, 2008). This essay is going to discuss the operational issues that are challenging Hawkesbury Cabinets limited (as stated in the case study). Operational issues are the problems that are involved in the production process, marketing, distribution of products, running of the business and managing the entire business activities (Kleindorfer et al, 2005). Therefore, the essay is going to identify these issues and give a solution to some of them. As stated in the case study, Hawkesbury Cabinets uses different production processes and in its business activities and operations. It is the businesss tradition to focus on custom-made cabinets for their customers. They only made the cabinets after receiving an order from their customers with the exact specifics and facts of what the customer wanted for their cabinet. This therefore means that the business used the made to order production process. This where the product is made only after the customer has given his requirements, characteristics and facts about what kind of product or service they want (Hockley, 2010). This method is good because the producer does not know what the customer desires and does not take chances of guesswork and so he/she relies fully on the customers information. Because of this process, the business began to make good profits, sales increased and it started to become popular in the region. This therefore led to the business being assigned a contract to produce high quality and standardized cabinets for small spec builders. However, the contract required Hawkesbury to make the cabinets in small batches which were designed for one to five kitchen cabinet specifications. This shows that Hawkesbury Cabinets used the batch production process in its operations. In this kind of production process, an activity passes through a functional department in form of batches or lots but with each activity having its own different routing (Vidal et al, 1997). In this process, the business may make a batch of a product and then set up the equipment again to be able to make another product of the same characteristics or even of different characteristics depending on what the product is and what the customer requires (Kouvelis et al, 2006). Advantages Plant and the machinery are flexible therefore better utilization. Satisfaction in jobs and better operations of the business activities. Promotes functional and specialization. Low investment in plant and machinery. Has low production lead time and cost. Disadvantages Material handling, production, planning and control becomes complex. High set up costs caused by the frequent changes in equipment and machine set ups. However, the cabinets that were made through this process started becoming important to Hawkesbury Cabinet. They were accounting for 40% of the businesss factory volume and 20% of the sales revenue for Hawkesbury Limited which meant a big improvement for the business in terms of its operations and production processing methods. According to the information given in the case study, Hawkesbury uses a single manufacturing facility where both the custom and standardized cabinets are made and sold. The custom cabinet making equipment is designed to produce a variety of cabinet designs which means that it is highly flexible. The business has also grouped the machines, equipment and tools according to their use in different sections of the facility. E.g. the saws and cutting tables are stored in one section, routers and shapers in a different section, painting and finishing done in a different section to name just but a few sections of the business partitions. This evidently shows that Hawkesbury uses also the mass production process in addition to the made to order and batch production processes. Research shows that in this production process, a business focuses on production of large quantities and varieties of goods or services at a low cost per unit but in the same building and using the same equipment and machines (Thomas et al, 1996). It involves standardization of both the product or service and the process sequence, dedicated special equipment and machines that have high production capacities and output rates, large volumes of products with short time cycle, easy production and planning process as well as handling of the materials automatically. Nevertheless, this process has its limitations and advantages (Kouvelis et all, 2006) Advantages The inventory process is low. Higher capacity utilization and rate of production. Low or reduced processing cycle time. Fewer number of skilled employees are required. Low production cost per unit. Limitations The line layout needs major and frequent changes according to the product design changes. Breakdown of one processing machine may stop the entire production process. High investments are needed for the production facilities. The use of this process has brought a positive impact to the Hawkesbury Limited business. The cabinets that are displayed by the business after completion are therefore able to reflect the craftsmanship of the individual makers as well as the good quality of the raw materials used. However, there was a negative impact in the fact that the standardized and the custom-made cabinets competed for attention from the craftsmen during production which was not a good sign for good business management and operations. From the case study, Hawkesbury Cabinets Limited increased its sales of the builders cabinets which was brought about by the increased line of builders kitchens which led to the management doing more work scheduling to keep up the businesss production rate as well as maintaining it. However, the custom-made cabinets were given priority because they always gave higher sales and profit margins. This therefore meant that the standardized cabinets were to be set aside without total completion instead were left as work in progress for a while (Barrile et all 2002). It is evident that Hawkesbury Cabinets was therefore using job shop production process where most of the products are usually not complete but left as Work in Progress (WIP) which are contained in different stages of production processes. This process involves high variety of product but with low volumes, highly skilled employees are required, large material, inputs and tools inventories, good planning is required and use of general purpose machines and equipment (Handley et all, 2009). Advantages A large variety and amounts of products are produced by using the general purpose equipment. Employees skills are well utilized hence making them more competent and specialized in their jobs. Limitations Large working space required. Production planning is complicated and complex. This process brought about increased growth of the business in general, custom kitchen cabinets sale remained strong and that of the builders increased rapidly. Nevertheless, this process caused more negative impacts, like: decrease in profit margins, high costs related to builders cabinets, increased capital being tied up in raw materials inventory, WIP and finished product, lack of enough space for work and for expansion among other problems that were caused. This led to the businesss decision to hire or rent the nearby warehouse space so that it can accommodate the business operations and products. Conclusion To conclude, it is evident that Hawkesbury Cabinets uses some of the best, popular and famous production processes that are effective for such a business. However, in relation to job shop product production process, it has to do some changes because this is the process that has led to the most number of negative impacts in Hawkesburys operations (Gupta et all, 2009). Otherwise, the business can do well or even better without the job shop production process. References Barrile, S. and Cameron, T. (2002).Business management. South Yarra, Vic.: VCTA Pub. Gupta, S., Koulamas, C. and Kyparisis, G. (2009). E-Business: A Review of Research Published in Production and Operations Management (1992-2008).Production and Operations Management, 18(6), pp.604-620. Handley, S. and Benton, W. (2009). Unlocking the business outsourcing process model.Journal of Operations Management, 27(5), pp.344-361. Hockley, L. (2010).Global operations management. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Kumar, S. and Suresh, N. (2009).Operations management. New Delhi: New Age International. Kleindorfer, P.R., Singhal, K. and Wassenhove, L.N., 2005. Sustainable operations management.Production and operations management,14(4), pp.482-492. Kouvelis, P., Chambers, C. and Wang, H., 2006. Supply chain management research and production and operations management: Review, trends, and opportunities.Production and Operations Management,15(3), pp.449-469. Mentzer, J.T., Stank, T.P. and Esper, T.L., 2008. Supply chain management and its relationship to logistics, marketing, production, and operations management.Journal of Business Logistics,29(1), pp.31-46. Slack, N. and Lewis, M. eds., 2005.Operations management(Vol. 10). Psychology Press. Thomas, Douglas J., and Paul M. Griffin. "Coordinated supply chain management."European journal of operational research94, no. 1 (1996): 1-15. Vidal, C., Tsikriktsis, N. and Frohlich, M., 2002. Case research in operations management.International journal of operations production management, 22 (2), pp.195-219. Westbrook, R., 1995. Action research: a new paradigm for research in production and operations management.International Journal of Operations Production Management,15(12), pp.6-20.

Wall Street Essays (204 words) - 20th Century Fox Films, Wall Street

Wall Street Johnny Cockrocker WALL STREET In the big city of New York there always exist those who push the envelope a bit, and stretch the law. One such man played by Michael Douglas makes money buying and selling others dreams. He is a stock speculator; but one that succeeds based on illegal inside information. As he puts it I make nothing, I own Released in 1987, Oliver Stone's Wall Street is a representation of bad morals and poor business ethics in the business world. It also shows the negative effects, bad morals and poor business ethics can have on society. The film revolves around the actions of two main characters, Bud Fox (Charlie Sheen) and Gordon Gekko (Michael Douglas). Bud is a young stockbroker who comes from a working-class family and Gekko is a millionaire who Bud admires and wants to be associated with. Wall Street points out how wrong it is to exchange morality for money. Gordon Gekko reflects this message, and yet receives a standing ovation at a stockholders meeting after delivering his greed is good spe ech. The underlying theme of the movie is that greed is not only not ethical but it lacks moral substance in todays society. Film and Cinema